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Biotechnology

The term "biotechnology" was coined by Karl Ereky in 1919, combining "biology" (the study of organisms) and "technology" (the application of knowledge for practical uses). Biotechnology involves using biological agents, like microorganisms or cellular components, to produce useful products. While it may seem like a new field, humans have been using biological agents for thousands of years to produce items like wine and bread.

Definition: Biotechnology is the controlled use of biological agents for beneficial purposes.

Plant Biotechnology

Plant biotechnology focuses on the genetic manipulation of plants for specific purposes, resulting in genetically modified plants with enhanced traits. It is a branch of agricultural botany dedicated to modifying plant genetics to achieve specific objectives..

Objectives of Plant Biotechnology

Genetic manipulation in crops aims to achieve two major objectives:

A) Crop Improvement:

Developing desirable traits such as:

Drought tolerance

Herbicide tolerance

Pest resistance

Better nitrogen-fixing ability

Acidity and salinity tolerance

B) Nutritional Values of Crops:

Enhancing the nutritional quality of crops, including:

Improving food quality and safety

Creating healthier cooking oils by reducing saturated fatty acids

Increasing nutritional content of food

Scopes of Plant Biotechnology

Plant biotechnology has become a valuable market area because it improves products using organisms' capabilities. It plays a crucial role in human life and intersects with various agricultural fields.

Importance of Plant Biotechnology

1. To rescue invariable hybrids, and recover haploid plants from interspecific hybrids through Embryo culture.
2. Rapid clonal multiplication through meristem culture, e.g. many fruit and forest trees, such as teak.
3. Helping in the production of disease-free crops by meristem culture and generally thermotherapy/cryotherapy.
4. Germplasm conservation through storage in liquid nitrogen (at-196°C, cryo-preservation) or through slow growth.
5. Rapid isolation of homozygous lines by chromosome doubling of haploids produced through anther culture or interspecific or hybridization or ovary culture.
6. Producing different somatic hybrids through somatic hybridization in different varieties.
7. Gene transfers (genetic engineering) for insect resistance, protection against viruses, herbicide resistance, storage protein improvement etc.
8. Use Molecular markers (e.g., RFLPs and RAPDS) for linkage mapping and mapping of quantitative trait loci

Introduction

In Hindi: परिचय

पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी, जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के प्रमुख प्रकारों में से एक है। इसलिए पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी को समझने के लिए आपको पता होना चाहिए कि जैव प्रौद्योगिकी क्या है? और हम इस विषय को क्यों पढ़ रहे हैं।

Plant biotechnology is one of the major types of biotechnology. So to understand plant biotechnology you must know what is biotechnology and why we reading this subject.

What is Biotechnology?

In Hindi: जैव प्रौद्योगिकी

जैव प्रौद्योगिकी शब्द 1919 में "कार्ल एरेकी" द्वारा दिया गया था। यह शब्द जीव विज्ञान और प्रौद्योगिकी का एक संलयन है। 
जैव का अर्थ है - जीवों का अध्ययन करना और उनके बारे में जानकारी प्राप्त करना।
प्रौद्योगिकी का अर्थ है - व्यावहारिक उपयोग के लिए ज्ञान का अनुप्रयोग। 
जीवों का ज्ञान जीव विज्ञान के द्वारा प्राप्त होता है और इस ज्ञान के प्रयोग से उपयोगी उत्पादों को बनाने के लिए प्रौद्योगिकी की सहायता ली जाती हैं। 
हम में से बहुत से लोग को लगता है। कि जैव प्रौद्योगिकी एक नया विषय है लेकिन यह मत भूलिए कि मनुष्य प्राचीन काल (5,000 ईसा पूर्व) से शराब, दही ,खमीरी रोटी आदि जैसे कई उत्पादों के उत्पादन के लिए कई जैविक एजेंटों का उपयोग करता रहा है। और यह प्रक्रिया ही जैव प्रौद्योगिकी है, इसलिए जैव प्रौद्योगिकी कोई नया विषय नहीं है।

जैव प्रौद्योगिकी में लाभकारी उपयोग के लिए जैविक एजेंटों, जैसे सूक्ष्म जीवों या सेलुलर घटकों का नियंत्रित उपयोग होता है।" 

-By US National

मुझे उम्मीद है कि आप मेरी बात समझ गए होंगे कि बायोटेक्नोलॉजी और कुछ नहीं बल्कि कुछ उपयोगी बनाने के लिए अन्य जीव की सहायता लेना है। और यदि पौधे के किसी भी भाग या अंगों का उपयोग करके उत्पाद बनाते है तो ऐसे प्रकार की जैव प्रौद्योगिकी को पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के रूप में जाना जाता है।

The term biotechnology is coined by "Karl Ereky" in 1919. This term is a fusion of biology and technology. 

• Bio mean: The study of organisms and bringing knowledge about them.  
  
• Technology mean: The application of knowledge for practical uses. 

The  Knowledge of organisms obtained from biology is applied through technology to make useful products.

Many of us are thinking that Biotechnology is a new discipline but don't forget humans have been using many biological agents for the production of many products like wine, curd-leavened bread etc. from ancient times (5,000 BC). And this process is biotechnology, so biotechnology is not a new subject.

Definition 

Biotechnology consists of the controlled use of biological agents, such as micro-organisms or cellular components for beneficial use."

-By US National 

I hope you get the point that Biotechnology is nothing but the use of another organism to produce something useful. And if the producer or anyone makes products using any part or organs of the plant then that type of biotechnology is known as plant biotechnology.   

What's Plant Biotechnology?

In Hindi: पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी

अब आपको यह सोचना चाहिए कि पादप कोशिकाओं का उपयोग करके किस प्रकार के उत्पाद बनाए जाते हैं। पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी का परिणाम या उत्पाद भी एक पौधा है लेकिन वह आनुवंशिक रूप से संशोधित है और इसकी क्षमता अपने मूल पौधे से कुछ अधिक है।

पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी एक विशिष्ट उद्देश्य के लिए फसल या पौधे में अनुवांशिक हेरफेर को संदर्भित करता है 

पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी, कृषि वनस्पति विज्ञान की एक शाखा है। जो विशिष्ट उद्देश्यों के लिए पौधों के आनुवंशिक संशोधन से संबंधित है।

Now you should think about what types of products are made by using plant cells. The result or product of plant biotechnology is also a plant but genetically modified and has some ability more than its parent plant. 

"Plant biotechnology refers to the genetic manipulation in crop or plant for a specific purpose." 

Or 

" Plant biotechnology is a branch of Agricultural botany. Which deals with the genetic modification of plants for specific objectives."  

What's Objectives of Plant Biotechnology?

In Hindi: पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के उद्देश्य

फसलों में अनुवांशिक हेरफेर दो प्रमुख उद्देश्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए किया जाता है।

1. (A) Crop improvement:

फसल सुधार का अर्थ है फसल में वांछनीय गुण विकसित करना। इन गुणों के कुछ उदाहरण निम्नलिखित हैं –
सूखा सहनशक्ति 
शाकनाशी सहनशक्ति 
कीट प्रतिरोधक 
बेहतर नाइट्रोजन यौगीकीकरण क्षमता
अम्लता और लवणता सहनशक्ति

2. (B) Nutritional values of crops:

कुछ फसलों का पोषण मूल्य अच्छा नहीं होता। तथा फसलों के पोषण मूल्य को उत्तम करना भी पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी का उद्देश है। जैसे :
भोजन की गुणवत्ता और सुरक्षा में सुधार
 • वनस्पति तेलों में संतृप्त वसा अम्लों की सांद्रता को कम करके स्वास्थ्यवर्धक खाना पकाने के तेल।
 • भोजन की पोषक मात्रा बढ़ाएँ।
 • खाने का स्वाद बढ़ाएं। 

Genetic manipulation in crops is done for achieving two major objectives. 

1. (A) Crop improvement:
Crop improvement means Developing desirable character in the crop. Some examples of this character are below-
• Drought tolerance
• Herbicide tolerance
• Pest resistance
• Better Nitrogen-fixing ability
• Acidity and Salinity tolerance
2. (B) Nutritional values of crops:
Some crops do not have good nutritional value. And improving the nutritional value of crops is also the aim of plant biotechnology. As :
• Improving food quality and safety
• Healthier cooking oils by decreasing the concentration of saturated fatty acids in vegetable oils.
• Increase nutritional quantities of food. 

What is the Scopes of Plant Biotechnology?

In Hindi: पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी का कार्यक्षेत्र

Plant biotechnology has rapidly developed into an area with significant market value and numerous applications. Its main aim is to improve products by leveraging the capabilities of organisms, thereby having a substantial impact on human life and various agricultural sectors.

1. Crop Improvement:

   - Development of crops with enhanced resistance to drought, pests, and herbicides.

   - Improvement of crop tolerance to environmental stresses like acidity and salinity.

   - Enhancement of crops' nitrogen-fixing ability.

2. Nutritional Enhancement:

   - Improving the nutritional value of crops to address deficiencies.

   - Producing healthier cooking oils with lower saturated fatty acid content.

   - Increasing the nutritional content of food crops to promote better health.

3. Disease-Free Crops:

   - Production of disease-free crops through meristem culture, thermotherapy, and cryotherapy.

   - Use of genetic engineering to develop crops resistant to viruses and other pathogens.

4. Conservation and Multiplication:

   - Conservation of germplasm through cryopreservation (storage in liquid nitrogen) and slow growth techniques.

   - Rapid clonal multiplication of plants, such as fruit and forest trees, through meristem culture.

5. Hybrid and Haploid Plant Production:

   - Rescue of interspecific hybrids and recovery of haploid plants via embryo culture.

   - Rapid isolation of homozygous lines through chromosome doubling of haploids produced from anther culture or hybridization.

6. Somatic Hybridization:

   - Production of somatic hybrids by combining different varieties through somatic cell fusion.

7. Genetic Engineering:

   - Transfer of genes for traits such as insect resistance, herbicide resistance, virus protection, and improved storage proteins.

8. Molecular Marker Applications:

   - Use of molecular markers like RFLPs (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms) and RAPDs (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) for genetic linkage mapping and identifying quantitative trait loci.

What is the Importance of Plant Biotechnology?

In Hindi: पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के महत्व।

यह लेख पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी से संबंधित है इसलिए मैं बायोटेक्नोलॉजी के महत्व के बारे में बता नहीं करूंगा हूँ। 

तो पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी के कुछ महत्व निम्मलिखित है जिन्हे आप पादप जैव प्रौद्योगिकी की उपलब्धि भी मान सकते हैं।

1. भ्रूण संवर्धन का प्रयोग अपरिवर्तनीय संकरों को बचाने के लिए, अंतरजातीय संकरों आदि से अगुणित पौधों को पुनर्प्राप्त करने के लिए।

2. मेरिस्टेम कल्चर के माध्यम से त्वरित क्लोनीय गुणन  करना , जैसे सागौन एवं कई फलों और वन वृक्षों आदि में। 

क्लोनल फसलों के वायरस और अन्य रोग-मुक्त स्टॉक की 

3.विभज्योतक कल्चर और सामान्यतः थर्मोथेरेपी या क्रायोथेरेपी द्वारा रोगमुक्त फसलों के उत्पादन में सहायता करना।

4. तरल नाइट्रोजन (196 डिग्री सेल्सियस पर, क्रायो-संरक्षण) में भंडारण के माध्यम से या धीमी वृद्धि के माध्यम से जननद्रव्य का संरक्षण करना। 

5. परागकोष कल्चर (anther culture), या इंटरस्पेसिफिक या अण्डाशय कल्चर (ovary culture) या अंतरास्पेसीज संकरण के माध्यम से उत्पादित अगुणितों (haploid) के क्रोमोसोम दोहरीकरण द्वारा समरूप जातियों का तेजी से अलग करना।

6. विभिन्न किस्मों में कायिक संकरण के माध्यम से विभिन्न कायिक संकर का उत्पादन करना।

7.कीट प्रतिरोध, वायरस से सुरक्षा, शाकनाशी प्रतिरोध, भंडारण प्रोटीन सुधार आदि के लिए जीन स्थानान्तरण (जेनेटिक इंजीनियरिंग)।

8. लिंकेज मैपिंग और क्वांटिटेटिव ट्रेट लोकी की मैपिंग के लिए मॉलिक्यूलर मार्कर (जैसे, RFLPs और RAPDS) का इस्तेमाल करें।

*Flow chart available in PPT

What is Importance of Plant Biotechnology?

Plant biotechnology plays a crucial role in modern agriculture and offers numerous benefits across various fields. Its importance includes:

1. Crop Improvement:

   - Pest and Disease Resistance: Developing crops that are resistant to pests and diseases reduces the need for chemical pesticides, leading to safer and more sustainable agricultural practices.

   - Stress Tolerance: Enhancing crop tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and extreme temperatures helps maintain crop yields in adverse conditions.

2. Nutritional Enhancement:

   - Improved Food Quality: Genetic modification can enhance the nutritional content of crops, such as increasing vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids, contributing to better health outcomes.

   - Healthier Oils: Producing vegetable oils with reduced saturated fat content promotes healthier dietary options.

3. Rapid Propagation and Conservation:

   - Clonal Multiplication: Techniques like meristem culture allow for the rapid and large-scale propagation of valuable plant varieties, ensuring uniformity and quality.

   - Germplasm Conservation: Cryopreservation and slow-growth storage techniques preserve genetic diversity, safeguarding plant species and varieties for future use.

4. Production of Disease-Free Plants:

   - Clean Plant Material: Meristem culture and techniques like thermotherapy/cryotherapy help produce plants free from viruses and other pathogens, improving overall crop health and yield.

5. Hybrid and Haploid Plant Production:

   - Hybrid Rescue: Embryo culture facilitates the rescue of interspecific hybrids that might otherwise fail to develop, enabling the creation of new plant varieties.

   - Haploid Production: Rapid production of homozygous lines through chromosome doubling of haploids accelerates breeding programs and genetic studies.

6. Somatic Hybridization:

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   - Novel Plant Varieties: Creating somatic hybrids by fusing different plant varieties can result in new plants with desirable traits from both parents, expanding the genetic base for breeding programs.

7. Genetic Engineering:

   - Trait Enhancement: Introducing specific genes into plants for traits such as insect resistance, herbicide resistance, and improved storage proteins enhances crop performance and quality.

   - Molecular Farming: Producing pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and industrial enzymes in plants offers a cost-effective and scalable alternative to traditional production methods.

8. Research and Development:

   - Understanding Plant Physiology: Studying plant cells and genetic manipulation provides insights into plant growth, development, and response to environmental factors.

   - Biotechnology Tools: Techniques like molecular markers (RFLPs, RAPDs) are used for genetic mapping and identifying genes associated with important traits, aiding in precision breeding.

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Reference

Pundhan Singh. 2016. Objectives Plant biotechnology. Kalyani publishes, New Delhi.

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