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Glycolysis
*Glycolysis is a common stage in Aerobic & anaerobic respiration. It is also known as the EMP pathway (Embden Meyerhoff Parness).
* In this process each molecule of glucose breaks down by biochemicals into 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid.
*This reaction takes place in the Cytoplasm. Where starch or other carbohydrates are converted into glucose before their utilization in this process.
Process
This process can be divided into 2 phases:
1st Phase: Consumption of ATP
2nd Phase: Production of ATP
1st Phase: Consumption of ATP
1.) Glucose is a fairly stable compound so the Activation of glucose is
necessary to break it. This activation is done by PO4 molecules attached to it
and forms Glucose-6-Phosphate. This PO4
(Phosphate) molecule is provided by ATP and the enzyme is
Hexokinase with an activator Mg+.
ATP → ADP
Glucose →→ Glucose-6-Phosphate.
Hexokinase
2.) Glucose-6-Phosphate under Isomerization forms
Fructose-6-Phosphate without any change in energy level. The enzyme is
Phosphohexose Isomerase.
Glucose-6-Phosphate →→ Fructose-6-Phosphate
Phosphohexose Hexokinase
3.) Fructose-6-Phosphate again undergoes phosphorylation to form
Fructose 1, 6-diphosphate. Again one PO4(Phosphate) molecule is
provided by ATP and the enzyme which catalyzes this reaction is
Phospho hexokinase.
ATP → ADP
Fructose-6-Phosphate →→Fructose 1, 6-diphosphate
Phospho hexokinase
In the first phase, there is a loss of 2ATP.
2nd Phase: Production of ATP
4.) This fructose 1, 6-diphosphate (6C) gets split into two
3-carbon compounds. in the presence of the Aldolase enzyme.
(i) 3-PG Ald. (3-Phospho glyceraldehyde) [PGAL] a 3-carbon compound.
Also, Known as glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate
(ii) DAP (Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate) ketone one molecule and
3C.
Fructose 1, 6-diphosphate → 3-PGAL + DAP
Aldolase
5.) Due to the isomerase enzyme the DAP is converted
into 3-PG Ald. therefore 2 molecules of PGAL are obtained.
Dihydroxy Acetone Phosphate → 3-Phospho glyceraldehyde
isomerase
5.5) Simultaneously 3-PG Ald. Undergoes Phosphorylation and
oxidative di-hydrogenation to form
1, 3-DGA (1,3-Diphospho glyceric acid). Here PO4 molecules are provided
by H3PO4. At the same time, two hydrogens are released by PG Ald. and received
by NAD (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide). The Enzyme is
Phosphotrias dehydrogenase.
H3PO4 → NADH2
NAD ⤻
1,3-Diphospho glyceric acid → 3-Phospho glyceraldehyde
Phosphotrias dehydrogenase
6.) 1, 3-DPGA (1,3-Diphospho glyceric acid) transfers its phosphate
with high energy bound to ADP and forms 3-PGA (3-Phosphoglyceric acid)
in the presence of phosphor glyceryl kinase.
ADP → ATP
1,3-Diphospho glyceric acid → 3-Phosphoglyceric acid
phospho glyceryl kinase
7.) 3-PGA undergoes internal rearrangement and forms 2-PGA (phospho glyceric acid)
in the presence of phospho-glyceromutase.
3-Phosphoglyceric acid → 2-Phosphoglyceric acid
phospho-glyceromutase
8.) The molecule of 2-PGA is dehydrated to form the high-energy
compound
Phosphoenol Pyruvic acid. The enzyme is Enolase.
Mg++ -2H20
2-Phosphoglyceric acid → Phosphoenol Pyruvic acid
Enolase
9.) The PO4 molecules are transferred from Phosphoenol Pyruvic acid
to ADP to form another ADP molecule. The result compound formed is
Pyruvic acid in the presence of Pyruvate kinase. ultimately 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid formed from one glucose
molecule.
ADP → ATP
Phosphoenol Pyruvic acid → Pyruvic acid
Pyruvate kinase
Related Posts
Net Products of Glycolysis
Energy consumption - 2ATP
Energy production forms 1 molecule of PGAL - 2 ATP (in the 6th
& 9th step) and 1 NADH2
Energy production form 2 molecule of PGAL - 4 ATP (in the 6th & 9th
step) and 2 NADH2
Since 1 NADH2 = 3 ATPs
So ultimately 8 ATP molecules get in this process.
And 2 molecules of Pyruvic acid (partially oxidised) and further will be
oxidised through the link and Kreb's cycle.
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Glycolysis
Plant Physiology
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