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Frequently Asked Question
What is Micropropagation?
Let's understand the meaning of propagation then you can easily get the concept of micropropagation.
In biology, Propagation means increasing the number of particular species of plant through sexual and asexual reproduction. And the purpose of plant propagation is to maintain the population of particular species.
The methods of propagation are broadly classified and micropropagation is one of them.
Micropropagation refers to the regeneration of the whole plant through small plant tissue.
Or
Clonal propagation i.e. multiplication of genetically identical copies of a cultivar by asexual reproduction and using tissue culture technique is called micropropagation.
Micropropagation is also known as clonal propagation.
Micropropagation plays an important role in the production of genetically identical plants at the commercial level. Because this method takes a short time, space and produces plants in large numbers.
Difference between Micropropagation and Plant tissue culture
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Type
There are several different types of micropropagation techniques that are commonly employed. Here are some of the main methods:
- Embryo culture
- Organ culture
- Callus culture
- Cell culture
What is the Procedure of Micropropagation?
Stage 0. Selection of explant :
It involves the selection of a mother plant from which an explant will be obtained.
S.1. Sterilization of explant:
After the selection of the explant, its sterilization will be performed for 5 to 10 minutes through sterilizing agents i.e. 70% alcohol or sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite.
S.2. Preparation of suitable culture medium:
This stage involves a suitable culture medium will be prepared which can provide all essentials nutrients to explant
S.3. Multiplication of Shoot:
In this stage rapid multiplication of shoot and somatic embryo formation occurs.
S.4. Rooting of shoots:
This stage involves the separation of individual shoots and transfer of shoots in a separate rooting medium followed later by planting into soil. At the end of the stage, some plantlets were obtained in a test tube.
S.5. Transfer of plantlet:
In the last stages, the plantlet will be transferred into sterilised soil for Harding under a greenhouse environment.
Advantages of Micropropagation:
1. Rapid Clonal Multiplication:
Micropropagation allows for the production of a large number of genetically identical plantlets within a relatively short period. This enables mass propagation of elite plant varieties, including those with desirable traits such as disease resistance or high yield.
2. Disease-free Plantlets:
By starting with small tissue samples and maintaining strict sterile conditions, micropropagation offers the advantage of producing disease-free plantlets. This is particularly beneficial when dealing with plants susceptible to various diseases or viruses.
3. Year-round Availability:
Tissue culture allows for the production of plants independent of seasonal variations. The controlled laboratory conditions enable year-round propagation, which is especially useful for species with limited seed availability or those that are difficult to propagate through conventional methods.
4. Conservation of Rare or Endangered Species:
Micropropagation provides a means to conserve and propagate rare or endangered plant species that are difficult to propagate by other means. It helps in preserving biodiversity and preventing the extinction of plant species.
5. Genetic Modification:
Tissue culture techniques can be utilized for genetic engineering purposes. Genetic modifications can be introduced into plant cells in vitro, allowing for the production of transgenic plants with desired traits, such as increased tolerance to pests or herbicides.
Disadvantages :
Summary
Disadvantages of micropropagation:
1. High cost due to expensive setup and maintenance.
2. Genetic uniformity may increase susceptibility to diseases.
3. Genetic instability can lead to unpredictable variations.
4. Labor-intensive process requiring skilled personnel.
5. Physiological differences compared to conventionally propagated plants.
In Hindi
1. Cost:
The initial setup and maintenance of a tissue culture laboratory can be expensive. The requirement for specialized equipment, media, and skilled personnel adds to the overall cost of micropropagation.
2. Genetic Uniformity:
While genetic uniformity is an advantage in some cases, it can also be a disadvantage. Micropropagation produces clones, which means plants lack genetic diversity. This uniformity can make the plants more susceptible to diseases or environmental changes.
3. Genetic Instability:
Some plant species or genotypes may exhibit genetic instability during micropropagation. This can lead to somaclonal variations, where genetic changes or mutations occur in the cultured cells, resulting in altered traits or phenotypes in the regenerated plants.
4. Labor-Intensive:
Micropropagation requires skilled labour and attention to detail. The process involves numerous steps, including explant selection, sterilization, culture initiation, subculturing, and acclimatization of plantlets. It can be time-consuming and labour-intensive, especially when dealing with large-scale propagation.
5. Physiological Differences:
Plants produced through tissue culture may exhibit physiological differences compared to conventionally propagated plants. These differences can manifest in growth patterns, root development, or overall performance in natural environments.
Applications/Importance
Factor Affecting Micro Propagation
Summary
Factors affecting micropropagation:
1. Explant source and selection.
2. Proper sterilization to eliminate contaminants.
3. Nutrient medium composition tailored to plant species and culture stage.
4. Balance and concentration of growth regulators.
5. Control of environmental factors like temperature, light, and humidity.
6. Vigilance against contamination throughout the process.
7. Acclimatization of plantlets to natural conditions.
8. Consideration of genotype and species variation.
9. Hormonal interactions influencing growth responses.
10. Culture duration impacting genetic stability and plant development.
In Hindi
1. Explant Source and Selection:
The choice of the initial plant material, known as the explant, is critical in micropropagation. The selection of suitable explants, such as shoot tips, axillary buds, or leaves, can significantly affect the success rate. The explant should be healthy, disease-free, and preferably from juvenile or actively growing tissue.
2. Sterilization:
Proper sterilization of the explants is essential to eliminate microbial contaminants. The explants are typically surface sterilized using disinfectants such as bleach or ethanol. Inadequate sterilization can lead to contamination, which can hinder the growth and development of cultured tissue.
3. Nutrient Medium:
The composition of the nutrient medium plays a crucial role in micropropagation. The medium contains essential nutrients, vitamins, growth regulators, and sugars necessary for cell growth and differentiation. The specific requirements vary depending on the plant species and the stage of tissue culture (initiation, multiplication, rooting, etc.).
4. Growth Regulators:
Plant growth regulators, such as auxins and cytokinins, are added to the nutrient medium to induce specific responses in the cultured tissue. The balance and concentration of these growth regulators can influence shoot proliferation, rooting, and overall plant development.
5. Environmental Factors:
The physical environment in which tissue culture is conducted can impact the success of micropropagation. Factors like temperature, light intensity, photoperiod (day/night cycle), and humidity should be carefully controlled to provide optimal conditions for growth and development.
6. Contamination:
Contamination by bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms is a common challenge in micropropagation. Maintaining strict aseptic techniques and sterile conditions during all stages of micropropagation is crucial to prevent contamination and ensure the growth of healthy plantlets.
7. Acclimatization:
After in vitro multiplication, the plantlets need to be acclimatized to ex vitro conditions, which involves transferring them from the sterile culture environment to a normal greenhouse or field environment. This step is crucial to allow the plantlets to adapt to the natural conditions and establish proper growth.
8. Genotype and Species Variation:
Different plant species and genotypes may have unique requirements and responses to micropropagation techniques. Some plants may respond well to tissue culture, while others may be more challenging or exhibit genetic instability.
9. Hormonal Interactions:
The interactions between various plant hormones and growth regulators can affect the success of micropropagation. The balance between auxin and cytokinin, for example, can influence shoot proliferation, rooting, or callus formation.
10. Culture Duration:
The length of time the explants remain in culture can affect the success of micropropagation. Extended periods in culture can lead to genetic instability, somaclonal variations, or physiological abnormalities in the regenerated plants
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