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High Density Planting PPT - Agrobotany

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high density Planting
High Density Planting by MS Chaudhary

Introduction 

हिंदी मैं जाने; परिचय

उच्च घनत्व रोपण तकनीक फलों की खेती की एक आधुनिक विधि है जिसमें फलों के पेड़ों को सघन रूप से शामिल किया जाता है, जिससे बेहतर प्रकाश अवरोधन और वितरण और मशीनीकृत क्षेत्र संचालन में आसानी के लिए संशोधित वृक्ष छत्र के साथ छोटे या बौने पेड़ लगाने की विधि मिलती है। HDP अधिक उपज के साथ-साथ रिटर्न/यूनिट क्षेत्र भी देता है। पेड़ के आकार और आकार को बनाए रखने के लिए नियमित छंटाई और जैव नियामकों के उपयोग से यह संभव है।.

परिभाषा

उच्च घनत्व रोपण का अर्थ है उच्च उपज प्राप्त करने के लिए अनुशंसित तरीकों के साथ प्रति इकाई पौधों की संख्या बढ़ाना।.

कम अवधि और तुलनात्मक रूप से कम क्षेत्रों में प्रति इकाई क्षेत्र में उच्च उत्पादकता प्राप्त करने के लिए उच्च घनत्व रोपण एक महत्वपूर्ण विधि है। क्षैतिज और ऊर्ध्वाधर स्थान के कुशल उपयोग के लिए, आम, नींबू, पपीता और अमरूद में HDP तकनीक विकसित की गई है।

प्रकार

अर्ध सघन: 500-1000 पेड़/हेक्टेयर

 गहन प्रणाली: 1,000-10,000 पेड़/हेक्टेयर

 अति गहन प्रणाली: 10,000-1,00,000 पेड़/हेक्टेयर

शर्तें

जलवायु परिस्थितियों, किस्म, रोपण प्रणाली और प्रबंधन प्रथाओं को ध्यान में रखते हुए सौर विकिरण को प्रभावी ढंग से  वितरित करने के लिए पौधों के घनत्व को डिजाइन करने की आवश्यकता है। इसका उद्देश्य गुणात्मक और मात्रात्मक दोनों पहलुओं में बढ़ी हुई उत्पादकता के उद्देश्य को प्राप्त करना है।

उच्च घनत्व रोपण के घटक

उच्च घनत्व रोपण निम्नलिखित घटकों के उपयुक्त उपयोग से प्राप्त किया जा सकता है:

  बौनी वंशज किस्में

  बौना रूटस्टॉक्स और इंटर-स्टॉक्स

  प्रशिक्षण और काट-छाँट

  विकास नियामकों का उपयोग

  उपयुक्त फसल प्रबंधन क्रिया । 

एचडीपी के लिए रोपण प्रणाली

किसी बगीचे के लिए रोपण प्रणाली का चयन स्थलाकृति, फसल की विविधता, पौधों का घनत्व और चुनी गई उत्पादन तकनीक जैसे कारकों पर निर्भर होता है। फलों की फ़सलों में विभिन्न रिक्ति विन्यासों का उपयोग किया जाता है, जिसमें एकल, दोहरी या तीन पंक्तियों वाली आयताकार व्यवस्थाएँ शामिल हैं।

अंतर रोपण प्रणालियाँ

एकल पंक्ति: पंक्ति अंतरण है: 4X2m

 दोहरी पंक्ति: चौड़ी दूरी: (4+2)X 2 मीटर

 तीन-पंक्ति: अधिक चौड़ी दूरी: (4+2+2)X 2 मीटर

 बेड सिस्टम, जिसे मीडो ऑर्चर्ड्स के नाम से भी जाना जाता है, में 30X45 सेमी के अंतराल पर करीब 10-15 पंक्तियों के साथ एक बेड लगाना शामिल है। इन पंक्तियों को क्यारियों के बीच 2.5 मीटर की चौड़ाई वाली गलियों द्वारा अलग किया गया है

लाभ

भूमि एवं संसाधनों का सर्वोत्तम उपयोग।

 फलों की फसलों का गुणवत्तापूर्ण उत्पादन।

 प्रति इकाई क्षेत्र की उपज में वृद्धि।

 अन्तराशस्यन, पौधों की सुरक्षा और कटाई के लिए आसान।

 फसल की निर्यात गुणवत्ता प्राप्त करें।

हानि

फल का जीवनकाल कम होना ,

 पेड़ की छतरी का प्रबंधन करना कठिन ,

 फलों के पेड़ों के रखरखाव के लिए उच्च स्तर की तकनीकी जानकारी की आवश्यकता होती है 

The high-density planting technique represents a contemporary approach to fruit cultivation, characterized by the close arrangement of fruit trees. This method involves the cultivation of small or dwarf trees with modified canopies to enhance light interception, and distribution, and facilitate mechanized field operations. High-density planting has proven to yield higher returns per unit area. Achieving this planting density is made feasible through regular pruning and the application of bioregulators to maintain the desired size and shape of the trees.

Definition 

  1. High-density Planting means increasing per unit plant population with recommended methods to get a high yield. 
  2. High-density planting is one of the important methods to obtain high productivity per unit area in a short period and comparatively fewer areas.

To optimize the utilization of both horizontal and vertical space, innovative HDP (High-Density Planting) technologies have been introduced in the cultivation of mango, citrus, papaya, and guava.

Types of High-Density Planting

1. Normal High-Density Planting

Description: Involves increasing the plant population per unit area without compromising the crop's health and yield.
Key Features:
  • Reduces the spacing between plants compared to conventional planting.
  • Used in crops like mango, guava, and citrus.
Example: Guava with a spacing of 3m x 3m or 5m x 5m.

2. Ultra High-Density Planting (UHDP)

Description: A more intensive system where plants are spaced extremely close together to maximize land utilization.
Key Features:
  • Requires precise management of canopy, nutrients, and irrigation.
  • Commonly adopted for fruit crops like mango and papaya.
Example: Mango at 2.5m x 2.5m spacing (400-500 trees per hectare).

3. Super High-Density Planting (SHDP)

Description: The most compact form of planting, with an extremely high number of plants per unit area.
Key Features:
  • Often uses dwarf varieties and intensive pruning techniques.
  • Heavily reliant on drip irrigation and fertigation.
  • Popular in orchard crops like citrus and apple.
Example: Apple with 1m x 1m spacing (up to 10,000 plants per hectare).

Concerning Conditions

Plant density needs to be designed to intercept and distribute the solar radiations effectively keeping in view the climatic conditions, cultivar, planting system and management practices. It aims to achieve the objective of enhanced productivity in both qualitative and quantitative aspects.

Components of High Density Planting

HDP has the following components:

  1. Dwarf scion varieties
  2. Dwarf rootstocks and inter-stocks
  3. Training and pruning
  4. Use of growth regulators
  5. Suitable Crop management practices 

1. Dwarf Scion Varieties

Definition: Dwarf scion varieties are plant varieties bred or selected to have reduced growth vigor, resulting in smaller plants.
Significance:
  • Smaller tree size allows for closer planting, increasing plant population per unit area.
  • Ensures better utilization of sunlight and nutrients.
  • Promotes early fruiting and higher yields.
Examples: Dwarf mango varieties like ‘Amrapali’ and dwarf guava varieties.

2. Dwarf Rootstocks and Inter-stocks

Definition: Rootstocks are the lower part of the plant used for grafting, while inter-stocks are intermediate sections between rootstocks and scions, both designed to control plant growth.
Significance:
  • Reduces tree height and controls canopy spread, making them suitable for HDP.
  • Enhances resistance to pests, diseases, and abiotic stresses like drought.
  • Improves nutrient uptake efficiency.
Examples: Apple rootstocks (M9, M26) and citrus rootstocks (Troyer, Carrizo).

3. Training and Pruning

Definition: These are horticultural practices aimed at shaping the plant canopy and removing unwanted parts to optimize growth and production.
Significance:
  • Ensures proper light penetration and air circulation within the canopy.
  • Maintains tree structure for easy management, harvesting, and spraying.
  • Promotes balanced vegetative and reproductive growth.
Techniques:
  • Training: Open center, modified leader, or spindle bush systems.
  • Pruning: Removing diseased, dead, or overcrowded branches to maintain health and yield.

4. Use of Growth Regulators

Definition: Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are chemical substances used to modify plant growth and development.
Significance:
  • Helps control plant height and canopy size, crucial for HDP.
  • Enhances flowering, fruit setting, and uniform ripening.
Examples: Paclobutrazol (reduces vegetative growth in mango), Gibberellic Acid (GA) for improving fruit quality in grapes and apples.

5. Suitable Crop Management Practices

Definition: Optimized agronomic and horticultural practices tailored to support the high plant density system.
Significance:
  • Efficient Irrigation: Use of drip irrigation ensures precise water delivery.
  • Nutrient Management: Fertigation (fertilizer application through irrigation) is common.
  • Pest and Disease Management: Intensive monitoring and timely interventions are critical due to higher plant populations.
  • Mulching and Weed Control: Prevents competition for nutrients and water, improving yield.
Examples: Integrated nutrient management (INM) and integrated pest management (IPM).

Planting System for High Density Planting

The selection of the planting system for an orchard is contingent upon factors such as topography, crop variety, plant density, and the chosen production technology. Various spacing configurations are employed in fruit crops, including rectangular arrangements with single, double, or three rows.

Spacing Planting Systems:

 

Single row: row spacing is wide: 4X2m

Double row: Wider spacing: (4+2)X 2m

Three-row: Wider spacing: (4+2+2)X 2m

Bed System, also known as Meadow Orchards, involves planting a bed with 10-15 rows nearby, spaced at 30X45 cm intervals. These rows are separated by alleys with a width of 2.5 meters between the beds.

Advantages of High Density Planting

Best utilization of land and resources.

Quality production of fruit crops.

Increase in yield per unit area.

Easy for intercultural, plant protection and harvesting.

Obtain export quality of the harvest.

Disadvantage of High Density Planting

Less life span of the fruit

Difficult to manage the tree canopy

Require a high level of technical know-how for the maintenance of fruit trees

Estimated cost and return from traditional and high-density planting in mango


Estimated cost and return from traditional and high-density planting in Papaya

Estimated cost and return from traditional and high-density planting in Papaya

Estimated cost and return from traditional and high-density planting in Guava

Estimated cost and return from traditional and high-density planting in Guava

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Reference

 Justagriculture; HDP

Slidershare:Higher Density Planting

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About the Author

I'm an ordinary student of agriculture.

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